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Emerging Infectious Diseases May 2024To determine changes in Bordetella pertussis and B. parapertussis detection rates, we analyzed 1.43 million respiratory multiplex PCR test results from US facilities...
To determine changes in Bordetella pertussis and B. parapertussis detection rates, we analyzed 1.43 million respiratory multiplex PCR test results from US facilities from 2019 through mid-2023. From mid-2022 through mid-2023, Bordetella spp. detection increased 8.5-fold; 95% of detections were B. parapertussis. While B. parapertussis rates increased, B. pertussis rates decreased.
Topics: Bordetella parapertussis; United States; Humans; Bordetella Infections; Communicable Diseases, Emerging; Bordetella pertussis; History, 21st Century; Child; Child, Preschool; Whooping Cough; Adult; Adolescent; Infant; Multiplex Polymerase Chain Reaction; Young Adult
PubMed: 38666607
DOI: 10.3201/eid3005.231278 -
The Western Journal of Emergency... Aug 2008The clinical presentation of Bordetella pertussis can overlap with that of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV); however, management differs.
BACKGROUND
The clinical presentation of Bordetella pertussis can overlap with that of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV); however, management differs.
HYPOTHESIS
First, the prevalence of B. pertussis is less than 2% among patients screened for RSV, and second the prevalence of B. parapertussis is also less than 2% among these patients.
METHODS
Nasal washings submitted to a clinical laboratory for RSV screening were tested for B. pertussis and B. parapertussis, using species-specific real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays. These were optimized to target conserved regions within a complement gene and the CarB gene, respectively. A Bordetella spp. genus-specific real-time PCR assay was designed to detect the Bhur gene of B. pertussis, B. parapertussis, and B. bronchiseptica. RSV A and B subtypes were tested by reverse transcription-PCR.
RESULTS
Four hundred and eighty-nine clinical samples were tested. There was insufficient material to complete testing for one B. pertussis, 10 RSV subtype A, and four RSV subtype B assays. Bordetella pertussis was detected in 3/488 (0.6%) (95% CI 0.1% to 1.8%), while B. parapertussis was detected in 5/489 (1.0%) (95% CI 0.3% to 2.4%). Dual infection of B. pertussis with RSV and of B. parapertussis with RSV occurred in two and in three cases respectively. RSV was detected by PCR in 127 (26.5%).
CONCLUSION
The prevalence of B. pertussis in nasal washings submitted for RSV screening was less than 2%. The prevalence of parapertussis may be higher than 2%. RSV with B. pertussis and RSV with B. parapertussis coinfection do occur.
PubMed: 19561728
DOI: No ID Found -
MSphere Oct 2021Bordetella parapertussis causes respiratory infection in humans, with a mild pertussis (whooping cough)-like disease. The organism produces a brown pigment, the nature...
Bordetella parapertussis causes respiratory infection in humans, with a mild pertussis (whooping cough)-like disease. The organism produces a brown pigment, the nature and biological significance of which have not been elucidated. Here, by screening a transposon library, we demonstrate that the gene encoding 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase (HppD) is responsible for production of this pigment. Our results also indicate that the brown pigment produced by the bacterium is melanin, because HppD is involved in the biosynthesis of a type of melanin called pyomelanin, and homogentisic acid, the monomeric precursor of pyomelanin, was detected by high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry analyses. In an infection assay using macrophages, the -deficient mutant was internalized by THP-1 macrophage-like cells, similar to the wild-type strain, but was less able to survive within the cells, indicating that melanin protects from intracellular killing in macrophages. Mouse infection experiments also showed that the -deficient mutant was eliminated from the respiratory tract more rapidly than the wild-type strain, although the initial colonization levels were comparable between the two strains. In addition, melanin production by was not regulated by the BvgAS two-component system, which is the master regulator for the expression of genes contributing to the bacterial infection. Taken together, our findings indicate that melanin produced by in a BvgAS-independent manner confers a survival advantage to the bacterium during host infection. In addition to the Gram-negative bacterium Bordetella pertussis, the etiological agent of pertussis, Bordetella parapertussis also causes respiratory infection in humans, with a mild pertussis-like disease. These bacteria are genetically closely related and share many virulence factors, including adhesins and toxins. However, is clearly distinguished from B. pertussis by its brown pigment production, the bacteriological significance of which remains unclear. Here, we demonstrate that this pigment is melanin, which is known to be produced by a wide range of organisms from prokaryotes to humans and helps the organisms to survive under various environmental stress conditions. Our results show that melanin confers a survival advantage to within human macrophages through its protective effect against reactive oxygen species and eventually contributes to respiratory infection of the bacterium in mice. This study proposes melanin as a virulence factor involved in the increased survival of during host infection.
Topics: Adhesins, Bacterial; Animals; Bordetella parapertussis; Humans; Male; Melanins; Mice; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Respiratory Tract Infections; Skin Pigmentation; THP-1 Cells; Virulence Factors; Whooping Cough
PubMed: 34643424
DOI: 10.1128/mSphere.00819-21 -
Therapeutic Advances in Vaccines Jul 2013Universal pertussis vaccination has successfully decreased pertussis mortality and morbidity in childhood. However, despite intensive vaccination of young children,...
Universal pertussis vaccination has successfully decreased pertussis mortality and morbidity in childhood. However, despite intensive vaccination of young children, pertussis remains a major public health problem in both developing and industrialized regions. Recent epidemics in California and Australia demonstrated that the agent of the disease is still circulating. They also revealed several aspects that must not be neglected concerning vaccine-preventable diseases. Indeed, pertussis is one of the oldest vaccine-preventable bacterial diseases, so can provide a good illustration of all of the aspects associated with the need for surveillance after the introduction of vaccination. (i) The type of vaccine: two types of pertussis vaccine, whole cell and acellular, inducing different types of immunity are now used around the world. (ii) The vaccine strategy, the vaccine coverage and the duration of vaccine immunity: pertussis epidemics provide evidence that 90% of the infants must be vaccinated, vaccination must be sufficiently early and both vaccine-induced immunity and natural infection-induced immunity to pertussis wane with time indicating that pertussis is not only a pediatric disease. (iii) The agents of the disease, Bordetella pertussis and Bordetella parapertussis: the intensive vaccination of young infants modified the herd immunity, controlled bacteria similar to the vaccine strains but not all, revealing polymorphism of the agents of the disease evidencing the importance of continuing their isolation and their surveillance as well as monitoring their antibiotic resistance. (iv) The diagnosis of the disease: the epidemics showed the importance of specific diagnostic techniques that are easy to use by medical laboratories and the availability of the reagents required. (v) Communication with the public, the health authorities and the health providers: any changes of vaccine type, vaccine strategy, characteristics of the disease, and biological diagnosis must be associated with appropriate communication with the public and training of healthcare workers. Currently, herd immunity needs to be increased by introducing vaccine boosters for adolescents and adults to protect the most vulnerable group: unvaccinated newborns.
PubMed: 24757515
DOI: 10.1177/2051013613481348 -
Clinical Microbiology and Infection :... Sep 2012Bordetella pertussis and Bordetella parapertussis are closely related bacterial agents of whooping cough. Whole-cell pertussis (wP) vaccine was introduced in France in...
Bordetella pertussis and Bordetella parapertussis are closely related bacterial agents of whooping cough. Whole-cell pertussis (wP) vaccine was introduced in France in 1959. Acellular pertussis (aP) vaccine was introduced in 1998 as an adolescent booster and was rapidly generalized to the whole population, changing herd immunity by specifically targeting the virulence of the bacteria. We performed a temporal analysis of all French B. pertussis and B. parapertussis isolates collected since 2000 under aP vaccine pressure, using pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE), genotyping and detection of expression of virulence factors. Particular isolates were selected according to their different phenotype and PFGE type and their characteristics were analysed using the murine model of respiratory infection and in vitro cell cytotoxic assay. Since the introduction of the aP vaccines there has been a steady increase in the number of B. pertussis and B. parapertussis isolates collected that are lacking expression of pertactin. These isolates seem to be as virulent as those expressing all virulence factors according to animal and cellular models of infection. Whereas wP vaccine-induced immunity led to a monomorphic population of B. pertussis, aP vaccine-induced immunity enabled the number of circulating B. pertussis and B. parapertussis isolates not expressing virulence factors to increase, sustaining our previous hypothesis.
Topics: Animals; Bacterial Outer Membrane Proteins; Blotting, Western; Bordetella Infections; Bordetella parapertussis; Bordetella pertussis; Disease Models, Animal; Electrophoresis, Gel, Pulsed-Field; Evolution, Molecular; Genotype; Humans; Macrophages; Mice; Pertussis Vaccine; Virulence Factors, Bordetella; Whooping Cough
PubMed: 22717007
DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-0691.2012.03925.x -
Vaccines Feb 2024Pertussis, or whooping cough, is a global public health concern. Pertussis vaccines have demonstrated good protection against infections, but their effectiveness... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
Pertussis, or whooping cough, is a global public health concern. Pertussis vaccines have demonstrated good protection against infections, but their effectiveness against remains debated due to conflicting study outcomes.
METHODS
A systematic review and meta-analysis were conducted to assess the effectiveness of pertussis vaccines in protecting children against infection. A comprehensive search of PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus databases was conducted, and randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and observational studies that met inclusion criteria were included in the analysis.
RESULTS
The meta-analysis, involving 46,533 participants, revealed no significant protective effect of pertussis vaccination against infection (risk ratio: 1.10, 95% confidence interval: 0.83 to 1.44). Subgroup analyses by vaccine type and study design revealed no significant protection. The dearth of recent data and a limited pool of eligible studies, particularly RCTs, underscore a critical gap that warrants future research in the domain.
CONCLUSIONS
These findings offer crucial insights into the lack of effectiveness of pertussis vaccines against . Given the rising incidence of cases and outbreaks, coupled with the lack of cross-protection by the existing vaccines, there is an urgent need to develop vaccines that include specific antigens to protect against .
PubMed: 38543887
DOI: 10.3390/vaccines12030253 -
Journal of Biological Physics Sep 2019Pertussis (or whooping cough) is a contagious disease mainly affecting infants and children and predominantly caused by Bordetella pertussis followed by Bordetella...
Pertussis (or whooping cough) is a contagious disease mainly affecting infants and children and predominantly caused by Bordetella pertussis followed by Bordetella parapertussis. B. parapertussis causes a milder cough but usually symptomatically appears like B. pertussis infection. Thus the epidemiology of illness caused by B. parapertussis is not well understood. In this study, a sensitive and specific method for the rapid diagnosis of B. parapertussis is presented. The covalent immobilization of thiol-terminated DNA oligonucleotides (ss DNA SAM) on a silicon surface by disulfide bond formation is investigated with atomic force microscopy (AFM) and ellipsometry. The measurements indicated an average layer thickness of 5 ± 0.84 nm for 2 μg/μl concentration and 24 h incubation time. This thickness changed to 8.4 ± 0.92 nm for the same concentration (2 μg/μl) by altering the incubation time to 48 h. Ellipsometric data recorded before and after hybridization of B. parapertussis revealed an increase in mean grain area from 91 nm to 227 nm and a change in the refractive index from 1.489 to 1.648 for 2 μg/μl B. parapertussis, respectively. This change in the refractive index was used to evaluate the amount of adsorbed molecules and their density. The results showed that the density of adsorbed molecules increased from 0.2 to 0.97 g/cm after B. parapertussis attachment, respectively. To confirm the hybridization of B. parapertussis to ss DNA SAM, the ds DNA SAM was denatured and the ss DNA SAM surface was reproduced with an average height variation of 6.42 ± 0.75 nm. This showed the stability of the DNA film that can be tuned by varying the concentration and incubation time, thus providing a robust method for the label-free detection of B. parapertussis other than routinely used PCR detection.
Topics: Adsorption; Biosensing Techniques; Bordetella parapertussis; DNA, Single-Stranded; Gold; Models, Molecular; Nucleic Acid Conformation; Nucleic Acid Hybridization; Surface Properties; Time Factors
PubMed: 31375953
DOI: 10.1007/s10867-019-09528-2 -
International Journal of Infectious... 1999To compare the incidence, clinical course, and serologic response to Bordetella antigens in patients with parapertussis and pertussis. (Comparative Study)
Comparative Study
OBJECTIVES
To compare the incidence, clinical course, and serologic response to Bordetella antigens in patients with parapertussis and pertussis.
DESIGN
Two studies were performed in Sweden during the 1990s, when pertussis vaccines were used only in clinical trials. Study I was a retrospective study of patients with positive Bordetella cultures obtained in clinical routine, and study II involved an active search for patients with Bordetella infections during a placebo-controlled trial of a pertussis toxoid vaccine.
RESULTS
Study I includes 58, and study II 23 patients with parapertussis. In study I, the incidence of parapertussis was 0.016 cases per 100 person years in children 0 to 6 years old and 0 in older children and adults. In study II, the incidence rates of parapertussis and pertussis were 0.2 and 16.2 per 100 person years, respectively, in children followed from 3 months to 3 years of age. The median number of days with cough was 21 in parapertussis and 59 in pertussis. The proportions of children with whooping and vomiting were lower in parapertussis than in pertussis. Geometric mean serum filamentous hemagglutinin IgG increased from 6 to 63, and pertactin IgG from 4 to 12 units/mL in parapertussis patients, which was similar to increases in children with pertussis.
CONCLUSIONS
Disease caused by Bordetella parapertussis is diagnosed less commonly and is milder and of shorter duration than disease caused by Bordetella pertussis. Parapertussis induced serum IgG against filamentous hemagglutinin and pertactin of similar magnitude as does pertussis, and did not induce serum IgG against pertussis toxin.
Topics: Adult; Antibodies, Bacterial; Bacterial Outer Membrane Proteins; Bordetella; Bordetella Infections; Bordetella pertussis; Child; Child, Preschool; Female; Humans; Immunoglobulin G; Incidence; Infant; Male; Pertussis Toxin; Pertussis Vaccine; Retrospective Studies; Virulence Factors, Bordetella; Whooping Cough
PubMed: 10460925
DOI: 10.1016/s1201-9712(99)90035-8 -
Microbiology Spectrum Feb 2022Lung transplant recipients (LTRs) are vulnerable to hyperammonemia syndrome (HS) in the early postoperative period, a condition typically unresponsive to nonantibiotic...
Lung transplant recipients (LTRs) are vulnerable to hyperammonemia syndrome (HS) in the early postoperative period, a condition typically unresponsive to nonantibiotic interventions. HS in LTRs is strongly correlated with Ureaplasma infection of the respiratory tract, although it is not well understood what makes LTRs preferentially susceptible to HS compared to other immunocompromised hosts. Ureaplasma species harbor highly active ureases, and postoperative LTRs commonly experience uremia. We hypothesized that uremia could be a potentiating comorbidity, providing increased substrate for ureaplasmal ureases. Using a novel dialyzed flow system, the ammonia-producing capacities of four isolates of Ureaplasma parvum and six isolates of Ureaplasma urealyticum in media formulations relating to normal and uremic host conditions were tested. For all isolates, growth under simulated uremic conditions resulted in increased ammonia production over 24 h, despite similar endpoint bacterial quantities. Further, transcripts of (from the ureaplasmal urease gene cluster) from U. urealyticum IDRL-10763 and ATCC-27816 rose at similar rates under uremic and nonuremic conditions, with similar endpoint populations under the two conditions (despite markedly increased ammonia concentrations under uremic conditions), indicating that the difference in ammonia production by these isolates is due to increased urease activity, not expression. Lastly, uremic mice infected with an Escherichia coli strain harboring a U. urealyticum serovar 8 gene cluster exhibited higher blood ammonia levels compared to nonuremic mice infected with the same strain. Taken together, these data show that U. urealyticum and U. parvum produce more ammonia under uremic conditions compared to nonuremic conditions. This implies that uremia is a plausible contributing factor to Ureaplasma-induced HS in LTRs. Ureaplasma-induced hyperammonemia syndrome is a deadly complication affecting around 4% of lung transplant recipients and, to a lesser extent, other solid organ transplant patients. Understanding the underlying mechanisms will inform patient management, potentially decreasing mortality and morbidity. Here, it is shown that uremia is a plausible contributing factor to the pathophysiology of the condition.
Topics: Ammonia; Animals; Humans; Hyperammonemia; Immunocompromised Host; Lung; Lung Transplantation; Mice; Transplant Recipients; Ureaplasma; Ureaplasma urealyticum; Uremia; Urinary Tract
PubMed: 35171026
DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.01942-21 -
Clinical Infectious Diseases : An... Nov 2015During October 2011-December 2012, concurrent with a statewide pertussis outbreak, 443 Bordetella parapertussis infections were reported among Wisconsin residents. We...
BACKGROUND
During October 2011-December 2012, concurrent with a statewide pertussis outbreak, 443 Bordetella parapertussis infections were reported among Wisconsin residents. We examined clinical features of patients with parapertussis and the effect of antibiotic use for treatment and prevention.
METHODS
Patients with polymerase chain reaction results positive for B. parapertussis reported during October 2011-May 2012 were interviewed regarding presence and durations of pertussis-like symptoms and receipt of azithromycin treatment. Data regarding acute cough illnesses and receipt of azithromycin prophylaxis among parapertussis patient household members (HHMs) were also collected. Using multivariate repeated measures log-binomial regression analysis, we examined associations of treatment receipt by the HHM with the earliest illness onset and prophylaxis receipt among other HHMs with the presence of any secondary cough illnesses in the household.
RESULTS
Among 218 patients with parapertussis, pertussis-like symptoms were frequently reported. Illness durations were significantly shorter among patients with treatment initiated 0-6 days after cough onset, compared with nonrecipients (median durations: 10 vs 19 days, P = .002). Among 361 HHMs from 120 households, compared with nonrecipients, prompt prophylaxis of HHMs was associated with no secondary cough illnesses (relative risk: 0.16; 95% confidence interval, .04-.69).
CONCLUSIONS
Bordetella parapertussis infection causes pertussis-like illness that might be misclassified as pertussis if B. parapertussis testing is not performed. Prompt treatment might shorten illness duration, and prompt HHM prophylaxis might prevent secondary illnesses. Further study is needed to evaluate antibiotic effectiveness for preventing parapertussis and to determine risks and benefits of antibiotic use.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Antibiotic Prophylaxis; Azithromycin; Bordetella Infections; Bordetella parapertussis; Child; Child, Preschool; Communicable Disease Control; Disease Transmission, Infectious; Female; Humans; Infant; Male; Wisconsin; Young Adult
PubMed: 26113655
DOI: 10.1093/cid/civ514